随着中国政治和经济形势的变化,美国企业越来越发现自己缺少廉价的中国进口商品。

中国对美国的进口为何如此迅速下降?

过去一年,中国对美国的进口下降了20%以上。 这比中国进口增加5%的前一年大幅减少。 这种突然变化有几个原因。 最可能的解释是关税导致中国制造商转向其他国家,在那里他们可以生产更便宜的产品。

中国进口减少的另一个原因是中国的消费心理发生了变化。 2017年,随着国内生产品的价格开始上涨,对外国产品的需求正在增加。 但是,从2018年4月开始,由于担心经济放缓和失业率上升,消费支出放缓。 这种消费行为的转变可能会导致中国未来更少购买美国产品。

2018年中国进口量最大的5个类别是什么?

2018年中国对美国的进口下降了6%,在所有主要进口国中降幅最快。 这主要是由于大豆和玉米进口减少,它们减少了30%以上。 2017年中国进口总额为1311亿美元,但2018年降至1284亿美元。 中国目前是2017年以后进口额减少幅度最大的国家,排在第6位。 2018年中国五大进口类别是原油、机械设备、车辆、飞机和医疗用品/设备。

为什么中国对美国的进口下降得如此之快?

自美中贸易战开始以来,中国对美国的进口一直在大幅下降。 2018年7月,中国进口额为463亿美元,但8月仅为376亿美元。 与去年同月中国进口额分别为518亿美元和431亿美元相比,这一下降幅度更大(图1)。

这一减少的主要原因是两国对彼此的产品征收的关税。 美国对来自中国的每件产品价值超过5万美元的商品征收25%的关税,而中国对美国每件产品价值超过2亿美元的商品征收10%的关税(图2)。 这些关税使两国难以相互销售其产品,从而减少了中国对美国的进口。

进口到美国的中国商品下降,是否应该归咎于美国的关税?

根据人口普查局的数据,2017年,中国向美国进口了价值5050亿美元的商品。 与2016年相比减少了5.9%,这是自2002年以来中国进口首次减少。 这一下降的罪魁祸首可能是美国对华商品的关税。 单靠关税不足以造成如此大幅度的下降,但它们与其他因素相吻合,比如人民币走软和某些省份的出口限制。

中国进口放缓可能会对美国贸易赤字产生负面影响,因为它降低了对美国产品的需求。 经济放缓也可能导致两国之间的贸易战,因为双方都试图获得对方的优势。

这些变化将引领美国经济走向何方?

中国对美国进口下降的速度超过了所有进口类别之和。 7月份,中国进口总值比6月份下降了6.8%。 这是自2016年1月以来下降最快的一次。

中国进口增长放缓对美国企业和工人来说是个好消息,过去几年,北京努力促进国内制造业的发展,给他们带来了负面影响。 在此期间,中国已成为包括农业、工业零部件和矿产在内的许多美国产品的较大进口国。

然而,最近的减速并不意味着北京正在扭转其从美国公司转向本土公司的战略转变;相反,这更可能是由于全球市场条件动荡和北京自身的经济制约(例如,国内投资放缓)。 总体而言,尽管这些变化并不总是有利于美国,但它们确实为重新评估贸易关系和评估为继续使两国经济受益而需要作出哪些调整提供了机会。

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