一种紧凑但复杂的装置，能完成几项电子任务，称为集成电路。 它由两个主要部件组成:一个很小的、非常脆弱的硅芯片（模具）和一个容器，其设计既能保护内部硅芯片，又能方便用户处理该组件。 由于晶体管使用了MOS技术,因此本说明以晶体管为例说明各种”前端”和”后端”的生产过程。 实际上，STMicroelectronics使用这种方法生产了大部分集成电路。

晶片制造(前端)

每个晶圆被用于在几个步骤中制造相同的集成电路或”模具”。 每个过程要么在晶片上创建一个新层，要么改变当前层。 任何单独电路的元件都由这些层组成。
下表概述了模具制造的关键阶段。 在程序的各个阶段，其中一些重复不止一次。 上面列出的顺序与实际制造过程不符。

硅片最初是原始晶片的一部分，非常薄（约650微米），圆形硅片。 晶圆通常直径为125、150或200毫米（5、6或8英寸）。 但是, 纯硅的主要电气特性是它是隔离物质. 因此,有必要利用细致的监视程序,改变部分硅特性。 硅被”掺杂”以产生这种物质。
硅晶格故意填充掺杂剂（或掺杂原子），这些掺杂剂在某些地方改变了材料的性能。 它们分为”N”类和”P”类，它们分别代表它们所含的负载波和正载流子。 为了达到这些期望的品质，使用以下几种替代掺杂剂: 磷、N型砷和P型硼。

硅可以用两种不同的方法掺杂。 晶圆最初被放入熔炉中。
硅表面随后被掺杂气体浸渍。 扩散是一个制造过程，包括这一步骤（另一部分是氧化物的生长）。 离子注入法是硅的第二种掺杂方法。 在这种情况下，电子束被用来向硅注入掺杂原子。 离子注入与扩散形成鲜明对比，使得原子在硅内部的特定深度被放置，一般情况下，可以更好地控制整个过程的关键变量。 离子注入技术虽然昂贵，但比扩散技术简单（离子注入器是非常昂贵的机器）。

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