精益生产是一种生产技术，主要目的是缩短供应商和消费者的响应时间，以及缩短在生产系统中的时间。 它与另一个被称为准时制造（简称JIT）的想法有很多相似之处。 及时制造优先考虑效率、生产率（致力于持续发展）和尽量减少产品制造商和供应商的”浪费”，以便仅通过销售所要求的东西来使产出与需求相匹配。 准时战略用于精益生产，它还强调通过进一步删除不给客户提供任何价值的任务来缩短周期、流程和吞吐量时间。 在客户服务部门和营销部门工作的人，没有直接参与生产过程的人，也参与精益生产。
丰田方式，也称为丰田生产系统，是日本汽车制造商丰田在二战后五六十年代（TPS）使用的一种操作框架。 [2] [3] 自动质量控制和及时库存管理的两个支柱是丰田系统的基础。 这七种”废物”，即日语中的muda，最初是由丰田工程师茂雄新吾（Shigeo Shingo。 它们包括不必要的原材料和制成品库存浪费、生产过剩（生产量超过目前要求）、加工过剩（零部件生产量高于客户期望）、运输浪费（系统内人员和货物不必要流动）和运输浪费。运行状态（机械化或自动化产生故障货物的废物（重新工作以纠正产品和工艺中可预防的故障）和等待时间（因任务队列而延长工作时间）
“精益”的五项指导原则是:”按具体产品确定价值，确定每个产品的价值流，使价值源源不断地流动，让客户从生产者那里获得价值，追求完美。” 1988年，美国商人约翰·克拉夫奇克在他的文章《精益生产系统的胜利》中首次使用了”精益”一词。 它后来被美国研究人员詹姆斯·沃马克和丹尼尔·琼斯在1996年定义。 [5]
企业利用这一策略来提高生产率。 只有在实际需要制造时才能接收物品,才能降低库存费用和浪费,同时提高产量和利润。 缺点是，公司必须准确预测需求，因为轻微的供应链延误可能否定优势。
批评
如果被使用准时、灵活的制造程序的工厂雇用,职员们就会面临工作不稳定的危险。 根据1970年以来对美国工人进行的一项纵向研究，公司越来越多地转向非标准劳工安排，包括合同和临时就业，以便更容易地根据供求情况调整其劳动力。
能源、产品和服务的流动将受到自然和人为灾害的干扰。 由于它们依靠进口供应”及时”到达，这些商品和服务的下游消费者也将无法生产商品或提供服务，因为他们几乎没有任何库存。 根据经济体制扰动的类型和严重程度，将产生一定的连锁效应。
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