自2020年初以来，大流行周期主要负责驱动全球经济。 由于病毒扩散带来的大规模经济混乱和社会、公共卫生反应,2020年春季全球经济中短期前景令人担忧。 世界经济在这一初期阶段出现大幅下滑，2021年及以后的一些生产和投资计划要么被取消，要么被削减。
2020年第三季度大幅反弹，以及更为关键的是自2020年末以来实施疫苗接种计划，其复苏速度超过了预期，而财政措施在保护家庭和企业收入方面的有效性进一步增加了全球需求。

然而，复苏不可避免地很不对称。 高接触服务部门的需求和活动水平继续受到社会距离的制约，支出相对转向购买产品造成了严重的部门冲击。 除其他外，世界各地的感染集群和遏制病毒的努力对劳动力供应和临时关闭工厂造成的冲击也继续损害工业生产力。

由于所有这些因素的相互作用，存在着几种不同类型的供需失衡。 全球供应网络的结构使它们变得更糟，因为链条中一个环节中断可能会对上游和下游产生影响。 牛鞭效应是另一种放大机制，通过这种效应，价值链上的订货技术以非线性方式对消费者的需求冲击和投入供应商的供应冲击作出反应。

在刚才描述的上下文中，我将把供需失衡普遍称为瓶颈。 通常 , 需求 的 意外 增加 或 供应 能力 的 突然 下降 会 促使 新 的 供应者 和 供应 能力 的 出现 , 以及 通过 相对 的 价格 调整 使 需求 转向 替代 类别 。 然而，由于该大流行病的广泛性和全球性，每个企业中可能的替代供应商都面临着同样的挑战。

此外，该流行病对消费者欲望的影响和提供接触密集型服务的能力也严重限制了将需求从产品转向服务。 部门需求的大幅和意外增加或部门供应的减少，在流行病不寻常的情况下，很难迅速、平稳或逐步解决。 因此,供应链的制造和销售业务被推迟,相对价格也随之上涨。

必须了解，像流行病期间所经历的那样，历史上供求不平衡的格局是非常不寻常的。 金融危机的经验导致需求突然短缺和供应过剩，但情况却很少相反。 战后重新开放的经验，即需求骤减，企业被迫重新装备，从生产军事装备转变成消费物品，可视为了解今天发生的情况的先前的案例研究。

从通货膨胀动态来看，瓶颈现象引起的相对价格变化基本上是暂时的，而不是长期的。 例如 , 有限 供应 的 相对 价格 的 上涨 最终 将 鼓励 新 供应 的 扩大 , 同时 减少 需求 。
此外，如果供应中断是由于丧失严格限定的生产能力（如因大流行而关闭工厂），一旦最初的冲击逆转，供应能力就会恢复，从而给价格带来下行压力。 就需求而言，这一流行病导致对货物的相对需求增加，部分原因是服务方面的消费选择丧失，部分原因是由于这一流行病引起的对特定货物类别的需求增加。
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https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/eeg-amplifiers-market-research-report-the-major-companies-headquarters-manufacturing-sites-product-portfolio-and-market-share-2022-12-27
https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/automobile-audio-market-size-global-revenue-volume-market-share-production-cost-and-forecast-till-2028-2022-12-27
https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/the-lcd-interactive-display-market-research-report-provides-useful-information-about-current-trends-in-this-rapidly-growing-industry-2022-12-27
https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/our-market-report-on-led-interactive-display-includes-a-complete-analysis-of-the-markets-industry-trends-share-size-growth-and-opportunity-2022-12-27
https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/single-phase-induction-motors-market-research-report-by-phase-application-end-user-region—global-forecast-to-2028—cumulative-impact-of-covid-19-2022-12-27
https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/in-addition-to-a-complete-market-and-vendor-landscape-the-three-phase-induction-motors-study-includes-a-swot-analysis-of-the-key-players-2022-12-27
https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/this-plant-protein-hydrolysates-market-report-offers-crucial-details-on-the-market-including-its-definition-attributes-and-segmentation-2022-12-27