蝙蝠是进化成功的故事,这种动物在除极地外的所有环境中都能生存,目前已经发现了约1,400个物种。它们的体型和翼展各异,从重量1.2千克、翼展171厘米的金冠果蝠,到重量2克、翼展33厘米的基氏豚鼠蝠。由蝙蝠发出的回声定位频率也具有极高的变异性,从11千赫到212千赫不等。但是是什么驱动了这种多样性的进化?

研究人员发现,蝙蝠的回声定位频率和翼型是共同进化的,导致不同环境适应的“觅食综合征”。蝙蝠的翼形和回声定位呼叫与它们的捕食和栖息地偏好相一致,这表明这些特征是为适应特定生态需求的进化反应。

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调和进化折衷

科学家已经知道不同的翼型对于适应某些环境是最优的:例如,短、圆形的翅膀在狭窄的空间中更容易操作,而长、尖锐的翅膀则是飞越长距离的最佳选择。回声定位也需要权衡:持续时间长或频率高的呼叫更加昂贵,但更有效地探测到环境混杂中的微小猎物。那么这些竞争需求如何平衡?

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罗波和同事收集了来自15个家族的152种蝙蝠的已发表数据:每种蝙蝠的体重、回声定位呼叫的持续时间和峰值频率、体重除以翼面积(“翼载”)和翼“纵横比”-翼展的平方除以翼面积。作为生态学的代理,他们将每个物种分配给五个“觅食行会”之一。例如,边缘空间笼网捕食者用尾膜和脚从水面上舀取昆虫或小鱼,而开放空间的空中食虫者则在空中捕捉飞行中的昆虫。

家族的强烈影响

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研究人员发现,回声定位峰值频率和翼形态强烈依赖于蝙蝠家族。这意味着除非样品中的家族和物种范围较大,否则其他进化模式可能仍将隐藏。在确认了家族之间的差异后,回声定位峰值频率和翼形态往往是相互关联的。

对应作者,东北师范大学教授江峰博士表示:“我们的研究结果表明,峰值频率和翼形态是相关的:例如,狩猎在开放空间的蝙蝠物种往往具有长而尖锐的翅膀,同时产生低频率的长回声定位呼叫。”

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“相反,狩猎在边缘空间的物种往往具有短而圆的翅膀,同时发出中等频率的短

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By examining the market overview and growth outlook, this report offers insight into the projected 8.4% CAGR growth rate of the Hemorrhagic Shock Treatment market from 2023 to 2030.

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作者 Zeng Zhuojun

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